View looking north through the entrance to the Argo Cascades on Aug. 3, 2012. (Photos by the writer.)

Because the flow to the new recreational amenity was reduced, but not shut off completely last week, some confusion ensued about what measures, if any, the city had taken and why, and what the impact of those measures was.

At issue is the flow through two different channels – Argo Cascades on the one hand, and the stretch of the Huron River immediately below the Argo Dam on the other. The two channels are parallel and are separated by an earthen embankment, until they join together at a point just upstream of the Broadway bridge.

Downstream from that confluence, and near the Maiden Lane bridge, a U.S. Geological Survey gauge measures the total river flow.

Ostensibly, the planned reduction in flow to the cascades was to allow more water to flow through the dam-side channel, instead of passing through the Argo Cascades.

Based on a telephone interview with Molly Wade, unit manager for the city of Ann Arbor’s water treatment plant, here’s a summary description of what happened last week.

During the morning of July 26, city staff inserted a partial wooden stoplog at the entrance to the Argo Cascades. That evening, The Chronicle verified by visual inspection that the wooden stoplog was inserted in the slot. An intuitive “bathtub physics” expectation would have been to see no change in the gauge reading as a result of the partial stoplog insertion. That’s because whatever flow was previously going through the Argo Cascades would be expected automatically to flow through the dam-side channel.

That intuitive expectation was not met for two reasons. First, the Argo Dam is not a “spillover” dam, where the water flows over the top of the dam. So reducing the flow to the Argo Cascades would not “automatically” – in the bathtub physics sense – cause any additional flow through the dam-side channel. In order for the flow to increase through the Argo Dam, the dam’s gates – which are keyed to a pond-level gauge – would need to open wider.

So why didn’t the Argo Dam gates respond to what should have been a tendency for the Argo Pond level to increase? Ordinarily, you’d expect the Argo Dam gates would balance the lost flow downstream from the cascades with additional flow through the dam-side channel, thus maintaining the USGS gauge reading where it was – around 75 cfs (cubic feet per second). Instead, the gauge showed a drop to around 50 cfs.

That’s because upstream from Argo, at Barton Dam, the city staff was concurrently decreasing the opening to Barton Dam’s gates, in order to match the extremely low flow into Barton Pond. And reducing the flow at Barton ultimately reduced the flow to the river overall. A few days later, the pond levels at Argo and Barton rebounded, and the region enjoyed some, if limited, precipitation. And the flow rate as measured by the USGS Maiden Lane gauge started showing an incremental increase, to around 100 cfs.

By Friday, Aug. 3, the city of Ann Arbor had removed the partial stoplog at the cascades, and was back to renting kayaks for downstream trips through the pools and drops, all the way to the pond at Gallup Park.

The type of pattern for the increased flow in the Huron River, as measured by the USGS gauge, causes some continued concern by staff with the Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources and Dept. of Environmental Quality. The pattern is “saw-toothed,” which reflects the opening and closing of dam gates in response to a variation in pond levels.

After the jump, more detail is presented on last week’s events, and the pertinent legal constraints for dam operation. We also cover some related issues – concerning a permit that is currently being sought for construction of a whitewater area in the Huron River, near Argo Dam. That amenity is to be constructed in the dam-side channel at Argo, just upstream from the confluence of the river and the cascades.

Insertion of the Cascades Stoplog

By way of basic geographical background, the city of Ann Arbor maintains a dam at Barton Pond that generates hydroelectric power and falls under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).

Huron River as it flows through the city of Ann Arbor.

Based on a 2009 letter from FERC to the city of Ann Arbor, the city operates Barton Dam under a May 4, 1982 FERC order that requires it to be operated in an “instantaneous run-of-river mode.” That is, the flow on the downstream side of the dam should exactly match the flow into the pond on the upstream side.

The FERC order requires implementation of a Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources (MDNR) requirement – maintaining either a minimum flow of 100 cfs or the amount that is flowing into Barton Pond, whichever is less.

Barton Pond is also the primary source of the city’s drinking water.

Argo Dam is about two miles downstream from Barton. It’s not regulated by FERC, because it does not generate any hydroelectric power. The city uses Argo Pond as a recreational amenity – maintaining a canoe livery there, renting boats for pond paddling as well as for trips down the Huron River to the pond at Gallup Park.

Previously the Argo-Gallup river trip required a portage. Paddlers would start from Argo Pond, navigate a short distance to the entrance to a headrace leading around the dam, then paddle along the headrace to a point where it spilled back into the river. That spillway was not boatable, and required the portage. Construction of the Argo Cascades, which opened for the first time this season, eliminates the need for a portage, and addressed the long, drawn out concern that the dam safety unit of Michigan’s Dept. of Environmental Quality had raised about the earthen berm separating the two channels.

On Wednesday, July 25,  Sumedh Bahl – the city of Ann Arbor’s community services area administrator – indicated in an email the imminent closing of Argo Cascades the following day:

To comply with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the MDNR minimum flow requirements across Barton and Argo dams, the low flow in the river has necessitated closing Argo Cascades. Presently it is planned to stop the flow through Cascades tomorrow [July 26] morning. Staff will continue to monitor river flows and the flow will be restored to the Cascades when flow in the river improves.

Based on the wording in Bahl’s email, the expectation was that the flow to the cascades would stop.

Argo Cascades partial stoplog. Photo from evening of July 26, 2012.

However, mid-morning of July 26, Cheryl Saam, manager of the city’s canoe liveries, told The Chronicle that the cascades’ flow had been reduced, not stopped completely, by inserting a partial stoplog. The wooden partial stoplog was visible from the bridge over the inlet to the cascades.

The continued flow through the cascades prompted skepticism by some about whether the city had undertaken any measures to reduce the flow through the cascades. Paul Christensen, who’s active in the Huron River Fly Fishing Club, shot some video and posted it online, highlighting the visual contrast between the flow in the two channels.

While a visual assessment of the two flows might depend on subjective judgment, the USGS gauge showed an objective change – right around the time of 10:30 a.m. when Saam had indicated the city had inserted the wooden stoplog. If the point of inserting the stoplog was to cause more water to flow through the dam, instead of down the cascades, then the expected effect would not have been a reduction in the total river flow.

Simultaneous Action at Barton Dam

But the gauge showed a drop from about 75 cfs to around 50 cfs in that timeframe. As Molly Wade explained to The Chronicle, insertion of the cascades stoplog was not the only river flow-related activity that occurred. At the same time, city staff were reducing the opening in the upstream Barton Dam’s gates. It’s that reduction in the total river flow that the gauge reflected.

In previous weeks, the Barton Dam gates had been open to the minimum automatic setting, according to Wade, which is 100 cfs. When the Barton Pond levels began to drop, that meant less than 100 cfs was coming into Barton Pond from upstream. So eventually, staff undertook to manually reduce Barton Dam’s gates on July 26 – to 50 cfs. That’s 10 cfs less than the designed flow for the Argo Cascades. So that warranted a reduction to the Argo Cascades flow.

Huron River discharge rate from July 26 through Aug. 2, 2012.

Wade’s explanation was consistent with the one that parks and recreation manager Colin Smith passed along via email to Ward 1 councilmember Sabra Briere: “The city responded by adjusting the gate at Barton further downward, allowing only what was flowing in the river to pass. The city also lowered the flow to the Cascades to allow more water over the gates of Argo dam. However, because the Barton gates were lowered to match the river flow, the overall flow through Argo concurrently dropped to match the river flow.”

National Weather Service precipitation map for 7-day period from July 27 through Aug. 2. Washtenaw County is outlined in red. Dark blue regions received up to 0.5 inches of rain. Light blue indicates up to 0.25 inch of rain.

In subsequent days, the total river flow began to rebound slightly, as some limited precipitation fell.

By Friday, Aug. 3, the city had removed the stoplog at the Argo Cascades, and boat rentals had resumed.

Starting around Saturday, July 25, the type of pattern shown by the USGS gauge measurements is “spikey” or “saw-toothed.” That reflects the response of the Argo Dam gates to pond levels at Argo, which are affected by the flow through Barton Dam. Unevenness of flow at Barton Dam has drawn scrutiny from FERC in the recent past.

But the unevenness of flow has also been of general concern to state officials.

When The Chronicle spoke by phone with Chris Freiburger of the Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources fisheries division, he indicated two potential areas of concern.

One was the unevenness of the flow – which does not appear to mimic natural, more gradual fluctuations in river flow. That unevenness of flow could have a negative impact on aquatic life in the dam-side channel.

Wade noted that some options for improving the evenness of the flow would require conversation with the MDEQ. She ventured that one possible approach would be to try to get finer control over the gates at Barton. For example, if only one gate opened, instead of operating in tandem, that would increase precision by a factor of two.

The other concern is the percentage split of the flow between the Argo Cascades and the dam-side channel. According to Wade, the city is using 85 cfs as the benchmark gauge level. That’s a number that comes from the sum of 60 cfs for the design flow rate of the cascades, and 25 cfs – the minimum opening (other than zero) for the Ago Dam gates. When the total flow drops below 85 cfs, that’s when a reduction of flow to the cascades would be undertaken, Wade said. But Freiburger observed that a 25-60 split doesn’t follow the typical pattern for diverting a smaller fraction of a flow around a dam.

Competing Flow: Reasonable Use, Aquatic Life

The Huron River Watershed Council has also expressed concern about the relative amount of water that gets put through the Argo Dam-side channel, based on the city’s protocol. In an email to The Chronicle, Elizabeth Riggs, deputy director of the HRWC, indicated a concern that the dam-side channel is drying up – a concern that was heightened because two live state-protected freshwater mussels were positively identified within that stretch of the river.

But in conversation with The Chronicle, Wade pointed out that the old configuration of the headrace – the precursor to the Argo Cascades – shunted roughly the same amount of flow around the Argo Dam. What’s different this year is that the city is actually regulating that flow for the benefit of the dam-side channel. The city didn’t do that in previous years, she noted.

In a telephone interview with James Sallee of the Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality water resources division, he allowed that Wade likely has a reasonable point in comparing the cascades to the old headrace – in that the cross-sectional area of the entrance to the cascades is the same as the old headrace. He noted that the publicity around  the new recreational focus of the cascades meant that the competition for water flow through the two channels was now highlighted.

Given that aquatic life will have by now taken hold in the cascades, the interests of that aquatic life has to be balanced against the aquatic life in the  dam-side river channel, Sallee said. [The Chronicle noted there were some anglers fishing the Argo Cascades when it was closed to city-rented boats – but those anglers did not appear to be having success.]

Another set of competing interests is types of recreational use. The choice between allowing water flow through the cascades compared to the dam-side river channel could be seen as a choice between anglers – who fish the dam-side channel – and boaters, who use the cascades. Under doctrines set forth in “Public Rights on Michigan Waters,” a ”reasonable use” of the water is supposed to be assured, which would presumably apply to both types of recreation.

That potential conflict in types of use is one of several factors that Sallee will be weighing in an upcoming decision he’ll be making about issuing a permit to MichCon for construction of a whitewater amenity in the dam-side river channel. It was originally supposed to be part of the city’s Argo Cascades project, but MichCon offered to pay for the whitewater structures, in connection with its environmental cleanup of land on the opposite side of the Huron River, across from the cascades.

The idea is that kayakers will descend through the Argo Cascades, and when entering the Huron River will paddle upstream a short distance to the whitewater feature. One factor that Sallee said he’ll weigh is the potential conflict in recreational use between anglers and boaters.

On July 25, a public hearing was held on the MDEQ permit for the whitewater amenity construction. Sallee told The Chronicle that he expects to make a decision on the issuance of a permit by Sept. 21, or possibly sooner.

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View of Thurston Pond looking east.

Heading east out of downtown Ann Arbor, by the time Plymouth Road nears the 200-foot-high, 500,000-gallon water tower – painted with blue sky and clouds – west side Ann Arbor residents who stick mostly close to their own neighborhoods could easily forget this is still Ann Arbor. A couple of weeks ago The Chronicle headed up that direction, turning left just before the water tower onto Georgetown Boulevard. We were meeting Neal Foster, a neighbor of Thurston Pond and retired scientist, who had agreed to give us a tour of this 8.5 acre pond, which is a major feature of the Thurston Nature Center.

In his early academic career – inspired in part by his father’s guppy tank – Foster’s research specialty was killifishes, but what he says he’s best at and enjoys most is “explaining things to people.” And The Chronicle took full advantage of that talent. After gathering up some buckets, nets and waders at Neal’s house, we headed up to the southern edge of the pond where Yorktown Drive provides easy access. Before donning the waders and Wellingtons in an attempt to gather some aquatic creatures, we took a clockwise tour of the pond.

Willow trees on the southwest side of Thurston Pond.

As we began working our way around the pond, Thurston Elementary’s playground was on our left. The Thurston Nature Center is intimately connected to the school – The TNC Committee is a sub-committee of the Parent Teacher Organization at Thurston Elementary. Piled next to the first section of trail was a heap of wood chips, which Foster explained would be spread by volunteers onto the trail as a part of a work detail scheduled for an upcoming weekend. Walking the trail, we encountered benches oriented towards the pond, which presumably at one time had a sight-line to the water, but any glimpses of the pond today from those benches are obscured by phragmites (an invasive reed) or else by the towering willow trees.

Clear sight lines to the water probably existed back in the late ’60s when the pond took its current shape. The existing wetland had been dug out as the area was developed residentially, and some of the construction debris was tossed into the 2- to 6-foot deep pond.

As we neared the western side of the pond, Foster pointed out a grate amongst the vegetation: an overflow storm drain leading to Miller’s Creek. It rarely comes into play, said Foster. The settling over time of the berm on the western side of the pond, which is designed to keep the water levels higher, means that when the pond does overflow, it tends to do so at locations other than the designed drains, and winds up soaking into the ground, instead of being led to Miller’s Creek via the drains.

Overflow per se is not something to be prevented. On the contrary, what Thurston Pond needs, says Foster, is more flow in and more flow out, to help correct what has become an over-rich nutrient mix in the water. Where does the flow-in come from? It currently comes from natural pooling of water when it rains. In that regard, Thurston Pond is akin to a giant rain puddle. But in addition to the natural pooling, there is engineered flow as well. Just past a wooden walking bridge on the western edge of the pond we found the opening of the storm drain from the Clague Middle School parking lot into the pond.

Possible future location of a storm drain leading down from Bluett Road and Antietam Drive.

A little further along the path, Foster pointed out a concrete stairway leading down from the Bluett Road and Antietam Drive area, which he said could be the location of an additional storm drain inlet into the pond. The 30-inch pipe would be installed by tunneling under the stairway instead of trenching and replacing the stairway – a newly re-constructed stairway would incur the additional expenses associated with being ADA compliant.

The wooden walking bridge we had crossed earlier had a newly replaced board on it. Asked who would have undertaken the repair, Foster figured it could have been Mike Conboy, the same name he cited as a real resource for information on the old growth trees we had been walking past.

As we made the turn eastward and rounded the deepest section of the pond, it became increasingly easier to get a view of the water. This is in part due to the practice of clearing brush all the way to the water’s edge by homeowners whose property abuts the pond. Foster said he wished they would let the natural flora have its way. Arriving back at the Yorktown Drive access, he said that the implementation of a no-mowing strategy at that location by the Orchard Hills Athletic Club had successfully discouraged the flocking of Canadian geese on the banks – which, unchecked, will make a prodigious contribution of manure to the lawn.

Neal Foster wields his net at the southern edge of Thurston Pond.

It was time for Foster to pull on his waders. The Chronicle pulled on some size-13 Wellingtons that he lent us, which were more than adequate to keep our feet dry. Foster first deployed a fine mesh suitable for snagging plankton-size aquatic life, taking care to swish his figure-eights through the water near the surface to protect the delicate weave of the net. Depositing the contents from the net into a plastic jar, he would later speculate that it was only detritus that had been captured.

But when Foster broke out the coarser net, he met with more visible success: fathead minnows. And that success was witnessed by Laura MacGregor, who was walking home with her daughter, Sophie Stillwagon, who she’d picked up from kindergarten at Thurston Elementary. MacGregor said they walked home past the pond nearly every day. Foster encouraged the pair to come to the upcoming Orchard Hills-Maplewood Homeowners Association fall festival – having some aquatic critters on hand for display at the festival was the motivation for the morning’s collection activities.

Fathead minnows aren’t the only aquatic life supported by Thurston Pond. Painted turtles and snapping turtles are definitely on the list as well. Foster said that the snapping turtles had a fairly easy time preying on ducklings and goslings, because the cloudy water allowed them to approach undetected. Not that the snapping turtles of Thurston Pond pose a real danger to humans – The Chronicle emerged from the shallow water unscathed, but with a deeper understanding of the range of neighborhoods in the city.

Sophie, Neil, and Laura check out the catch.

In front: Laura MacGregor and Sophie Stillwagon. In back: Neal Foster

Fathead minnows.